Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT, Stirling B., 2009

Speaking and Writing Strategies for the TOEFL iBT, Stirling B., 2009.

   The TOEFL iBT is an English language proficiency test. TOEFL tests academic English language proficiency. For TOEFL, academic English means first year, college-level English.
The TOEFL iBT consists of four test sections: reading, listening, speaking and writing. Because the reading and listening questions are all multiple-choice questions, they are called selective tasks. In contrast, the speaking and writing tasks are called constructive tasks. For TOEFL, to construct means to develop and deliver. What do you have to develop and deliver on test day? Six verbal arguments and two written arguments.




Charles Darwin.
Everyone knows Charles Darwin as the man who wrote On the Origin of Species. On the Origin of Species sold well in Darwin’s lifetime, however it did not sell as well as another popular Darwin book. That book, published in 1881, is titled The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms, With Observations on Their Habits. With the publication of this book, Darwin revolutionized soil and agricultural science. Let’s take a brief look at how he did it.

As a boy growing up in rural England, Darwin was fascinated by earthworms. While most people saw earthworms as an ugly, useless nuisance, Darwin realized their value through a series of experiments. However, his research was overtaken by the writing of On the Origin of Species. Later in life, Darwin returned to his study of earthworms and proved that earthworms were not useless pests but in fact played a crucial role in maintaining healthy soil. Darwin observed that earthworms were busy at work turning over the soil by eating it and excreting it. The turning of soil allowed water to penetrate more deeply and allowed more oxygen to enter the ground while the fertilizing added nutrients.

Contents.
DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT.
Arguments and the TOEFL iBT.
What is an Argument?.
Personal-Opinion Argument: Deduction.
Rhetorical Strategies.
Personal-Opinion Argument: Induction.
Developing Your Opinion.
Fact-Based Argument: Deduction.
Fact-Based Argument: Induction.
Coherence = A High Score.
Argument Mapping.
G+3TiC=C.
TASK ORDER.
WRITING TASKS.
INDEPENDENT ESSAY.
G+3TiC=C.
Basic Independent Essay.
Agree-Disagree Prompts.
OPDUL=C.
Preference Prompts.
Compare-Contrast Prompts.
Advantage-Disadvantage Prompts.
Advantage Prompts.
Disadvantage Prompts.
Reason Prompts.
Quality Prompts.
Writing Practice.
Advanced Introduction Strategies.
Simple Hooks.
Complex Hooks.
Advanced Thesis Strategies.
Predictor Thesis.
Writing a Predictor Thesis.
Predictor Thesis: Parallelism.
Gerund Predictor Thesis.
Predictor Thesis: Using Synonyms.
1. Predictor Thesis: When to Write.
2. Predictor Thesis: When to Write.
Advanced Conclusion Strategies.
Advanced Independent Essays.
Emergency Independent Essay.
Contrarian Independent Essay.
Writing Practice.
What Have You Learned?.
INTEGRATED ESSAY.
Argument-Counter Argument Essay.
OPDUL=C.
ETS’s Testing Method.
1. Argument-Counter Argument Essay: Step-by-Step.
The Black-and-White Rule.
Organization: Point-by-Point Style.
Organization: Block Style.
Paraphrasing.
2. Argument-Counter Argument Essay: Step-by-Step.
Three Common Problems.
Writing Practice.
Show-Support Essay.
Show Support Essay: Step-by-Step.
Writing Practice.
Emergency Integrated Essay.
What Have You Learned?.
SPEAKING TASKS.
SPEAKING TASK ONE.
Independent Task: Single-Question Prompt.
OPDUL=C.
Delivery.
Speaking Subjectively.
Basic Response.
1. Basic Response: Step-by-Step.
Rating Yourself.
Rating in a Class.
How Long Should My Response Be?.
2. Basic Response: Step-by-Step.
3. Basic Response: Step-by-Step.
Four Common Problems.
Help! - My Response is Too Long!.
Help! - My Response is Too Short!.
Advanced Strategies.
Advanced Introduction Strategies.
Predictor Thesis.
The Rhetorical Why.
Advanced Conclusion Strategies.
Advanced Responses.
Emergency Response.
Contrarian Response.
Speaking Practice.
What Have You Learned?.
SPEAKING TASK TWO.
Independent Task: Paired-Choice Prompt.
1. Agree-Disagree Prompt: Step-by-Step.
2. Agree-Disagree Prompt: Step-by-Step.
Support-Don’t Support Prompt: Step-by-Step.
Preference Prompt: Step-by-Step.
Argument-Counter Argument: Step-by-Step.
Advantage-Disadvantage: Step-by-Step.
Speaking Practice.
What Have You Learned?.
SPEAKING TASK THREE.
Integrated Task: Read-Listen-Speak.
OPDUL=C.
ETS’s Testing Method.
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step.
How Long Should My Response Be?.
Five Common Problems.
Help! - My Response is Too Long!.
Help! - My Response is Too Short!.
Emergency Response.
Speaking Practice.
What Have You Learned?.
SPEAKING TASK FOUR.
Integrated Task: Read-Listen-Speak.
ETS’s Testing Method.
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step.
How Long Should My Response Be?.
Four Common Problems.
Emergency Response.
Speaking Practice.
What Have You Learned?.
SPEAKING TASK FIVE.
Integrated Task: Listen-Speak.
ETS’s Testing Method.
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step.
How Long Should My Response Be?.
Contrarian Response.
Three Common Problems.
Emergency Response.
Speaking Practice.
What Have You Learned?.
SPEAKING TASK SIX.
Integrated Task: Listen-Speak.
ETS’s Testing Method.
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step.
How Long Should My Response Be?.
Three Common Problems.
Emergency Response.
Speaking Practice.
What Have You Learned?.
APPENDIX.
SCORING.
Independent Essay Proficiency Checklist.
Independent Essay Rating Guide.
Integrated Essay Proficiency Checklist.
Integrated Essay Rating Guide.
Independent Speaking Proficiency Checklist.
Independent Speaking Rating Guide.
Integrated Speaking Proficiency Checklist.
Integrated Speaking Rating Guide.
EXERCISES.
Identifying Rhetorical Strategies.
Identifying Opinions.
Checking for Parallelism.
Gerund Predictors.
ANSWER KEY.
Identifying Rhetorical Strategies.
Identifying Opinions.
Checking for Parallelism.
Gerund Predictors.
INDEPENDENT ESSAY RATINGS.
Agree-Disagree Prompt.
Preference Prompt.
Compare-Contrast Prompt.
Advantage-Disadvantage Prompt.
Advantage Prompt.
Disadvantage Prompt.
Reason Prompts.
Quality Prompt.
Advanced Independent Essays.
INTEGRATED ESSAY RATINGS.
SPEAKING TASK RATINGS.
Audio Scripts.
Glossary.
Also From Nova Press.



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