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Basic vocabulary of closely related languages in contact, Egorov I.

   The present paper provides two case studies of the basic vocabulary of the Turkic languages spoken on the Crimea Peninsula. Its aim is to illuminate the issues that a historical linguist, and in particular a phylogeneticist, faces when analyzing the basic vocabulary of closely related languages in a situation of intensive contact. The first case study is dedicated to the onomasiological reconstruction of the Proto-Karaim Swadesh list. The main problem here is detection of the West Oghuz loans and especially of contact-induced archaization (fake archaisms) in Crimean Karaim. The objective of the second case study is to identify the genealogical affiliation of the Crimean Tatar dialects. Both the manual analysis of the innovations in the basic vocabulary and the computational lexicostatistics (Bayesian approach, Neighborjoining, Maximum Parsimony Analysis) confirm the traditional view that the Coastal dialect belongs to the Oghuz subgroup, the Orta dialect – to the West Kipchak subgroup, and the Steppe dialect – to the Nogai Kipchak subgroup. Such affiliations fully fit the documented ethnic history. The correct genealogical affiliation of the dialects in question became possible only after exclusion of all the loans, which has not been done in previous lexicostatistical studies of Crimean Tatar. Both cases show that careful elimination of areal influences is crucial for semantic (onomasiological) reconstruction and phylogenetic studies.

Descriptive adequacy of early modern English gramma, Dons U., 2004.

   This book deals with the development of a grammar-writing tradition during the Early Modern English period. It will evaluate the grammars on English published in this period with respect to their descriptive adequacy. With Chomsky (1965: 24-27), descriptively adequate grammars are understood to be works that describe the existing linguistic phenomena in an appropriate way and which "give a correct account of the linguistic intuition of the native speaker". Descriptive adequacy thus ranks higher than observational adequacy which merely aims at presenting the observed primary data correctly, and it is a prerequisite for the explanatory adequacy of grammar theories. The historical linguist, however, is faced with the problem of not being able to consult living native speakers to examine their competence and therefore has to rely on text corpora, which implies the neutralization of observational adequacy and descriptive adequacy.

The english grammar workbook for adults, DiGiacomo M., 2020.

   This book is divided into two parts. The first part is a collection of the most practical and commonly used English grammar patterns. Each section is designed to give you a concise review of that grammar pattern, including its structure, meaning, and, most importantly, usage. At the end of each lesson, you’ll find an exercise to give you some practice. You can check your answers with the answer key at the back of the book.

Causative constructions in Japanese and English, Ciubancan M., 2014.

   This book presents a contrastive analysis of causative constructions in Japanese and English. In view of the title, both syntactic and semantic aspects regarding causative constructions are taken into account, the discussion of the semantic aspects preceding however the analysis of the syntactic behavior of causatives. The reason for that lies, in my opinion, in the impossibility of describing the syntax of causatives accurately without resorting to their semantic properties first.

The Big Book of English Prepositions, Irregular Verbs, and English Articles, For ESL and English Learners, Celentano T., 2020.

   This book goes beyond just being a guide to the correct use of English prepositions, irregular verbs, and English articles. The student can use this text to learn how to correctly use the most difficult and confusing English grammar correctly in situational English communication, in a wide variety of English sentence contexts. In addition to complete and clear explanations of the correct way to use these difficult areas of English Grammar, there are many examples of correct usage and self reviews throughout the book.

Elementary Anecdotes in American English, Hill L.A., 1980.   

Elementary Anecdotes in American English is the first in a series of three readers for students of English as a Second or Foreign Language. This book is designed to give students practice in reading and understanding American English in context. Elementary Anecdotes in American English contains thirty humorous stories, each approximately 150 words in length. Every story is followed by reading comprehension questions and two vocabulary exercises.

The Synonym Finder, Rodale J.I., 1978.   

Originally published in 1961 by the founder of Rodale Press, The Synonym Finder continues to be a practical reference tool for every home and office. This thesaurus contains more than 1 million synonyms, arranged alphabetically, with separate subdivisions for the different parts of speech and meanings of the same word.

Language to go, Pre-Intermediate, Student's Book, Cunningham G.   

Language to go is a four-level course with international appeal, for adult learners of English. Available at Elementary, Pre-intermediate, Intermediate and Upper Intermediate levels, each level offers 40-60 teaching hours. It is the ideal course for the busy student, and can be used on short or intensive courses. At each level the components are the Students' Book with Phrasebook, Class Cassette / CD, and Teacher's Resource Book. — Forty straightforward 60-minute lessons, each presented on a double page, and covering topics which reflect the world we live in. — Essential grammar practised and revisited regularly throughout the syllabus; students can join the course at any stage and still cover the key language points. — 'Get talking' activities are the outcome of each lesson and really get students communicating — fast. — Memorable dialogues at the end of each lesson summarise the main language to go! — Built-in Practice section, Grammar reference and a FREE Phrasebook in the Students' Book. — Teacher's Resource Book contains teaching notes and photocopiable activities complementing the skills coverage of each lesson, together with progress tests and a writing bank.